Sodium: How to tame your salt habit. Sodium: How to tame your salt habit.
Find out how much sodium you really need, what high- sodium foods to avoid, and ways to prepare and serve foods without adding sodium. By Mayo Clinic Staff. If you're like many people, you're getting far more sodium than is recommended, and that could lead to serious health problems. You probably aren't even aware of just how much sodium is in your diet. Consider that a single teaspoon of table salt, which is a combination of sodium and chloride, has 2,3. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet.
And it's not just table salt you have to worry about. Many processed and prepared foods contain sodium. See how sodium sneaks into your diet and ways you can shake the habit. Sodium: Essential in small amounts.
Your body needs some sodium to function properly because it: Helps maintain the right balance of fluids in your body. Helps transmit nerve impulses.
Influences the contraction and relaxation of muscles. Your kidneys naturally balance the amount of sodium stored in your body for optimal health.
When your body sodium is low, your kidneys essentially hold on to the sodium. When body sodium is high, your kidneys excrete the excess in urine. But if for some reason your kidneys can't eliminate enough sodium, the sodium starts to build up in your blood.
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Because sodium attracts and holds water, your blood volume increases, which makes your heart work harder and increases pressure in your arteries. Such diseases as congestive heart failure, cirrhosis and chronic kidney disease can make it hard for your kidneys to keep sodium levels balanced.
Per 1/2 cup (67 g): 90 calories, 3 g fat (2 g saturated fat), 50 mg sodium, 18 g carbs (4 g fiber, 5 g sugar, 4 g sugar alcohol), 2 g protein; 10% DV calcium. Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (sodium stearoyl lactylate or SSL) is a versatile, FDA approved food additive used to improve the mix tolerance and volume of processed foods. Find out how to stick to a low sodium diet by following these guidelines for eating low sodium foods from the nutritionists at the Cleveland Clinic.
Some people's bodies are more sensitive to the effects of sodium than are others. If you're sodium sensitive, you retain sodium more easily, leading to fluid retention and increased blood pressure. If this becomes chronic, it can lead to heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and congestive heart failure. Sodium: How much do you need? The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends limiting sodium to less than 2,3.
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Keep in mind that these are upper limits, and less is usually best, especially if you're sensitive to the effects of sodium. If you aren't sure how much sodium your diet should include, talk to your doctor or dietitian. Sodium: What are the major dietary sources? The average American gets about 3,4. Here are the main sources of sodium in a typical diet: Processed and prepared foods. The vast majority of sodium in the typical American diet comes from foods that are processed and prepared. These foods are typically high in salt and additives that contain sodium.
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Sodium is an element that is found in many foods as well as water. The body requires a small amount of sodium in the diet to control blood pressure and blood volume. Enjoy this American classic Chicken Flavor Noodle Soup. No chickens were harmed in its making, and it's one of the most popular lower sodium soups for our Natural. This review examines epidemiologic, physiological, and molecular evidence that the interplay between sodium and potassium is central to the development of hypertension.
Processed foods include bread, pizza, cold cuts and bacon, cheese, soups, fast foods, and prepared dinners, such as pasta, meat and egg dishes. Natural sources. Some foods naturally contain sodium.
These include all vegetables and dairy products, meat, and shellfish. While they don't have an abundance of sodium, eating these foods does add to your overall body sodium content. For example, 1 cup (2. In the kitchen and at the table. Many recipes call for salt, and many people also salt their food at the table. Condiments also may contain sodium. One tablespoon (1.
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April 1. 6, 2. 01. In brief: Your guide to lowering your blood pressure with DASH. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Accessed March 7, 2. Hypertension. Accessed March 7, 2. Sheps SG, ed. Mayo Clinic: 5 Steps to Controlling High Blood Pressure. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2.
Get the facts: Sodium and the dietary guidelines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed March 1. Kaplan NM. Salt intake, salt restriction, and primary (essential) hypertension.
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WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/15 English only Sodium in Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality In patients with hypertension without comorbidity, does a low-sodium diet reduce blood pressure and decrease morbidity or mortality?
Accessed March 7, 2. Executive summary: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2. Department of Health and Human Services. Accessed March 7, 2. Sodium and food sources. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed March 7, 2.
Top 1. 0 sources of sodium. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed March 7, 2.
Sodium in your diet: Use the Nutrition Facts label and reduce your intake. Food and Drug Administration. Accessed March 7, 2. Your guide to lowering blood pressure with DASH. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Accessed March 7, 2. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 2.
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Accessed March 7, 2. Reducing sodium in a salty world. American Heart Association. Accessed March 1. Sodium: Tips for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
National Kidney Disease Education Program. Accessed March 1.
Shaking the salt habit. American Heart Association.
Accessed March 1. Zeratsky KA (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. March 1. 1, 2. 01.
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Diet and Chronic Renal Disease. Dogs. and cats should not be so unique that they have chronic renal disease much. This frequency may. Commercial foods can cause problems when they contain excess. D; earlier it was noted that this vitamin is indirectly a.
Vitamin D is added to pet foods during processing and. As with. most vitamins, D is added in excess to insure that an adequate amount. Who adds the vitamins and how they are. The. imprecise addition of vitamin D to milk processed for human consumption has. D toxicity that resulted in some human deaths. Could that. happen to pet foods? It is not likely that large amounts of vitamin D would.
But it. is possible that . Over a period of months or years that excess could. An unusually high incidence of chronic renal disease in cats has.
D. Excessive dietary levels of calcium and phosphorus can also lead to. Diets should contain proper. The concentration. Increased free intracellular calcium. Anything increasing intracellular free calcium.
Increased extracellular calcium or phosphorus can. Abnormal extracellular. Crystals cause inflammation, scarring and. Many. different diseases can increase extracellular calcium and phosphorus levels. Causes of high extracellular calcium.
Excess dietary calcium or. D also increases extracellular calcium.
Excess dietary phosphorus. Vitamin D Excess. Vitamin D is necessary for dietary calcium and phosphorus absorption. Excess vitamin D.
Excess dietary. vitamin D is toxic and has the potential for being the most toxic vitamin. Hypertension. High. Hypertension may be the most critical factor causing. Chronically diseased kidneys have fewer. Hypertension results from increase renal blood flow. Management is. directed at minimizing the renal work load. One primary renal burden is.
A. restricted- protein diet is fed to manage this burden. Hypertension and the. Drugs should not. Acidosis and Ammonia.
The. kidneys play an important role in maintaining acid base homeostasis. Dietary. protein is metabolized to acid products that the kidneys must excrete. These. acid products result primarily from the metabolism of sulfur- containing. Renal excretion of acid produces ammonia which.
Renal ammonia formation can be reduced by feeding. Sulfur- containing amino acids and phosphates are. Plant proteins are low in sulfur amino acids and. The acid effects of a diet can be. Lipids. Abnormal lipid metabolism is found in humans and sometimes in animals with. The abnormalities may result from renal disease and some may. Abnormal changes include hyperlipidemia and.
Management can include reducing dietary. Some benefit may be gained by feeding more.
Diagnosis. 1,2. There. Nonspecific signs. These signs are not specific for renal disease. Early signs should not be ignored because important signs do not. Renal. disease is diagnosed by laboratory tests that include urinalysis and blood. The urinalysis is helpful in evaluating kidney functions to.
It is also helps identify infection and active. Urinalysis can be normal with renal disease, however, so an. Blood. chemistry tests include blood urea and often creatinine determinations which.
Blood chemistry tests also include. Potassium is also excreted renally and its blood levels can. The kidney produces erythropoietin that is necessary for bone.
Erythropoietin production may be deficient. Erythropoietin is an important treatment for anemia due. Blood. pressure is measured to identify hypertension. Dietary management changes. Other. tests to evaluate for chronic renal disease are not essential.
Renal biopsy. gives information on the extent of damage and is usually done for prognosis. Feeding To Restrict Renal Damage.
Dietary Protein Selection And Restriction Dietary protein is restricted for some dogs and cats with chronic renal. That restriction reduces the exposure of nephrons to toxins and. As noted above, some products of protein metabolism are. Reducing dietary. Reduced protein. diets limit 1) proteinuria, 2) glomerular damage, and 3) progressive loss of. Protein restriction generally reduces phosphorus intake.
Phosphorus is. toxic as already described. It causes calcium phosphate crystalization which. In all of the following diets phosphorus levels are low to. The. optimal value of a restricted protein diet is most importantly determined by. Little of these proteins are.
Egg protein has the highest biological value (set at 1. For comparison. biological value for milk protein is 9. Egg protein. is high in sulfur- containing amino acids, however, but unless acidosis is.
On the other hand, sulfur- containing amino acids are the first. This means that relative. Diets with proteins from vegetables rather than. Thus, with the possible exception of tofu. Affected dogs require 2.
The lower amount can be used when feeding a protein with a high. Feeding low biological value protein requires more work. Feeding a diet containing a high quality.
In general, feeding high quality protein. The. amount of protein to feed cats with kidney disease is 2. The diet must. provide a proper balance between the amounts of crude protein and calories. In cats with chronic kidney disease reduce this ratio.
The primary. biochemical abnormality with loss of renal function is uremia or azotemia. Based on this, dietary phosphorus intake.
The National Research Council (NRC). There is little information from studies on cats to. The level of. phosphorus is about 1. Dogs with chronic. Nutritionists recommend a low dietary level of.
Whatever the level, it must be low enough to prevent. The dietary ratio of calcium to phosphorus should be. Calcium can be. supplemented except when blood calcium is increased. Blood. phosphorus levels can be reduced by phosphorus binders given orally. Calcium. carbonate binds phosphorus and can be used unless blood calcium is high. Magnesium can help correct a low magnesium to. Phosphorus is low enough in the following diets that binding agents.
In summary, to restrict phosphorus feed a diet that is low. If more severe. restriction requires some of the other measures, renal disease is so severe. Dietary Salt Restriction — Controlling Hypertension. Hypertension of renal circulation may be the critical determinant of renal. As noted earlier, protein restriction relieves. This hypertension can be.
Reduction of dietary sodium. Commercial dog foods are high. Manufacturers include up to one percent sodium chloride in dry. With kidney disease. If necessary, sodium intake is restricted to the NRC recommended. Cats tolerate. diets containing one percent salt but that level is excessive.
A level of. 0. 2. Reduction of hypertension is also possible with weight reduction in obese. A relationship has been established between obesity and hypertension. Medications can be used to manage hypertension. They may be necessary with. Dietary Potassium Restriction or Supplementation.
Chronic renal disease greatly increases urine production in some dogs. Such. animals can lose large amounts of potassium and become deficient. Potassium. depletion can be difficult to identify because blood potassium can be either. Commercial dry dog foods contain from 0. The NRC recommends a dietary level of 0. Cats require supplemention. Acidosis complicating chronic renal disease can worsen.
Drugs for acidifying urine can also cause acidosis. Specific treatment for hyperkalemia involves intravenous glucose. Dietary Magnesium Intake. Urinary tract struvite stones form in cats for a number of interrelated. Diets containing greater than 0.
In response cat foods were formulated with. This resulted in hypomagnesemia, which increases urinary.
Adequate amounts of magnesium. Canine requirements are. Dietary Energy Intake Animals with renal disease are fed to maintain normal body weight. If. necessary caloric intake is adjusted so underweight dogs regain weight. Restricting caloric intake to. Dietary Lipid Selection and Restriction.
Reducing dietary saturated fat and cholesterol may benefit dogs with chronic. Non- animal protein is needed for that. Some experimental studies suggest that.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are precursors for leukotrienes. High dietary levels may promote formation of. That is unproven. Dietary fats are important for other reasons. Low- fat diets are unpalatable.
These cats also suffer from weight loss, and feeding to promote weight. The dietary fat content on a. Vegetable and fish oils are. Vitamin and Trace Mineral Supplementation. Chronic renal disease is associated with reduced intestinal absorption and. Iron and zinc deficiencies. Iron is. necessary for erythrocyte production and with chronic renal disease often.
Vitamin deficiencies are. Diets are supplemented with B complex vitamins, vitamin C and. K. It is dangerous to give additional vitamin D.
Commercial pet. foods may contain excess vitamin D that can be responsible for chronic renal. As mentioned earlier vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and high. Chicken fat improves. Increasing dietary chicken fat decreases the protein percent.
The diets are all low phosphorus and provide 5. D requirements. Some diets contain minimum amounts of sodium and. Some animals loose excess sodium with chronic renal. Depending on needs diets contain.
Potassium depleted animals can be. Some diets are low in.
B1. 2 which is probably unimportant unless they are fed for. Substituting chicken or ground beef for eggs enhances flavor. B complex and B1. A vitamin B1. 2 supplement can be given occasionally. The diets are balanced with respect to.
Feeding a diet matched to needs can restore phosphorus, potassium and sodium. Blood chemistry panels are done to monitor plasma concentrations. It may not. be necessary to continue feeding a very low phosphorus diet; doing so may. To increase dietary phosphorus substitute bone meal. For example, to one of these diets.
NRC. requirements. Normal calcium levels are maintained. At the end of each. Eggs. and Potato. Low Protein, Low phosphorus, High Potassium, Normal Sodium.
To feed. this diet with a normal amount of phosphorus substitute 3 grams.